The Historical and Cultural Basis of the Term "Momogun"

2 Aug 2024

By Bob Munang JP

Introduction

In the intricate cultural mosaic of Sabah, North Borneo, the term "Momogun" stands out as a significant element of indigenous identity and heritage. Despite its long history, recent

debates have sought to undermine its importance, often driven by contemporary disputes rather than historical facts. This article delves into the historical documentation, linguistic insights, and cultural relevance of "Momogun," illustrating its enduring significance among the Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, and Rungus peoples.

Historical Documentation

The term "Momogun," including its variants "Memagun" and "Mamagun," is deeply embedded in the historical narrative of North Borneo. Early European explorers and scholars documented its use well before Malaysia was established in 1963, underscoring its historical significance.

S. Elphinstone Dalrymple, in his 1884 article "The Tawaran and Putatan Rivers, North Borneo," refers to "Memagun" as the tribal designation for the Dusuns near Kudat. This reference highlights the term's usage in the 19th century, affirming its longstanding role in identifying specific Dusun groups and its continuity over time.

Reverend Father A. L. Gossens further contextualizes the term in his 1924 work. "A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Dusun Language." Gossens translates "Momogun" as "native" or "uhun do pomogunan," indicating its use to describe the indigenous people of the region. This translation underscores the term's deep linguistic and cultural roots in Sabah.2

Reverend J. Staal's 1926 article "The Dusun Language" adds another layer of validation, noting that "Momogun" is used by the Momogun Rungus in northeastern Sabah to refer to both the people and their language. Staal also clarifies that the term "Momogun" means "to people," while "country" is "pomogunan" in the West Coast Dusun (Kadazan) dialect. This reinforces the term's integral role in defining the identity of the indigenous population and their connection to their land.

Moreover, the 1922 "A Murut Vocabulary" by N. B. Baboneau and G. C. Woolley explores related terms such as "memagun," linking them to concepts of habitation and community life of the Murut community. This connection highlights the term's relevance to social organization and residence among the indigenous peoples of the region.

Linguistic Insights

The term "Momogun" is not merely a historical artifact but a living part of the indigenous languages. Its usage in different contexts illustrates its significance in describing native identity. For example, in the Dusun language, "Momogun" is understood to mean "native" or "people of the land," reflecting its role in denoting the people of Sabah. This term is deeply ingrained in the linguistic and cultural heritage of the region, illustrating a profound connection between the people and their land.

Additionally, the linguistic roots explored in works like the "A Murut Vocabulary" show how terms related to "memagun" are connected to concepts of community and habitation. This reinforces the term's relevance to the social structures and cultural practices of the Murut indigenous communities.

Cultural Familiarity and Meaningfulness

The term "Momogun" holds substantial meaning for the Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, and Rungus peoples. It resonates deeply within these communities, reflecting their collective identity, heritage, and connection to their ancestral lands. The term serves as a symbol of their historical continuity and cultural integrity, embodying both their identity as natives and their relationship with their homeland.

Way Forward: Embracing Inclusivity

For the indigenous peoples of Sabah, adopting "Momogun" as a generic identity offers a path towards greater inclusivity. Embracing this term can foster unity among the Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, and Rungus peoples, celebrating their shared heritage while respecting their distinct identities. Inclusivity through "Momogun" can strengthen cultural bonds and promote collective recognition, allowing for a more cohesive and supportive community. The benefits of inclusivity far outweigh the limitations of exclusivity, as a unified identity can enhance mutual respect, cultural preservation, and collaborative progress.

Moreover, rather than being categorized under generic acronyms like KDMR or being labeled as "Lain-lain" in government statistical reports, it would be more dignified to use "Momogun." This term is not only familiar to the Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, and Rungus peoples but also carries substantial cultural and historical significance. Adopting "Momogun" in official contexts would honour the rich heritage and collective identity of Sabah's indigenous communities.

Contemporary Misunderstandings

It is unfortunate that there have been attempts to vilify and distort the term "Momogun" due to opposition against its adoption as a generic term for the indigenous peoples of Sabah within the Dusunic, Murutic, and Paitanic families. These attempts often arise from contemporary disputes rather than an understanding of the term's historical and cultural context. Such efforts disregard the substantial historical evidence and the term's established significance.

Conclusion

The term "Momogun" embodies the rich heritage of Sabah's indigenous communities. The consistent references across historical and linguistic sources validate its deep-rooted significance and continuity. Disregarding this term based on modern disputes undermines both the historical record and the enduring identity of these communities. Recognizing and embracing "Momogun" is not only a tribute to historical and linguistic continuity but also an acknowledgment of the cultural heritage of Sabah's indigenous peoples.